For over sixty years, one question has hung over "Nutcracker Man." When Mary Leakey found the OH 5 cranium of Paranthropus boisei beside Oldowan stone tools in 1959, it was hailed as the oldest known toolmaker. That claim didn't last, and the debate over whether Paranthropus made or used tools has run ever since. The problem was a lack of evidence: no hand bones could be definitively attributed to the genus. A new paper in Nature (Mongle et al., 2025) changes that. The find K

When we think about human evolution, it is easy to imagine a simple progression from an ape-like ancestor to modern humans. In reality, human evolution was much more complex. Different traits evolved at different times, and some of the earliest members of our lineage looked more like apes than like modern humans. One of the earliest and most important changes was bipedalism, or the ability to walk upright on two legs. Our Last Common Ancestor with Chimpanzees Humans and chimp